How can China fight global warming, promote development and prevent inequality? 中国又如何能争取全球变暖，促进发展和防止不平等呢？ In a report, Chinese and international NGOs address these issues and question the workings of the UN’s Clean Development Mechanism. 在一份报告中，中国和国际非政府组织解决这些问题和问题的工作，联合国的清洁发展机制。
International climate talks generally focus on the varying – and sometimes conflicting – interests of different countries. 国际气候谈判，一般侧重于不同-有时相互冲突的-的利益不同的国家。 But when it comes to the issue of global warming, we also need to consider the interests of different regions and groups of people within a single country. 不过，当谈到全球变暖问题的，我们还需要考虑的利益，不同区域和不同群体的人在一个单一的国家。 We must consider their equitable development and varying abilities to adapt to change. 我们必须考虑他们的公平发展和不同的能力，以适应变化。
The actors in current international negotiations are all political entities: either countries or groups of countries. 行动者在当前的国际谈判，都是政治实体：一是国家或国家集团。 On the international stage, deals are hammered out between countries, with each national government acting as the sole representative of its own diverse society. 在国际舞台上，交易敲定之间的国家，每个国家的政府署理作为唯一的代表，其自身的多元化的社会。 When a gap emerges between the public interest and national policy, the average member of society no longer has their interests protected. 当之间的差距，出现了公众利益和国家政策，平均社会成员不再有他们的利益受到保护。 The true meaning of equity should be that everyone – especially those from vulnerable groups – has their rights protected. 真正意义的公平应该是每个人-特别是那些来自弱势群体-他们的权利的保护。 This should also be the case with climate change issues. 这也应如此，气候变化问题。
Questions of climate change and equity intersect in China. 的问题，气候变化和公平相交，在中国。 For example, there has long been a disparity between energy consumption in rural and urban areas. 举例来说，长久以来一直是差距，能源消费在农村和城市地区。 In 1990, average energy consumption per person in rural areas was only 27.9% of the average for urban areas (83 kilograms of standard coal in rural areas compared to 298 kg in urban areas). 在1990年，能源消费平均每人在农村地区只有27.9 ％ ，平均为城市地区（ 83公斤标准煤在农村地区相比，二九八公斤在城市地区） 。 Even allowing for increases over the years, by 2004, rural energy consumption per person was only 44.9% of that in urban areas (109 kg compared to 243 kg). 甚至允许增加多年来，到2004年，农村能源消费每人只有44.9 ％ ，在城市地区（一○九千克相比，至243公斤） 。 In other words, rural consumption was still less than half of urban consumption. 在其他换句话说，农村消费仍是不到一半的城市消费。
When we talk about the effects of climate change on development, the key issue is whose development? 当我们谈论气候变化的影响，发展，问题的关键是其发展呢？ Over the past few decades, marked social inequalities have emerged. 在过去数十年，显着的社会不平等现象已经出现。 A minority of people, in a minority of areas, have attained high levels of development. 一小部分人，在少数地区，已达到高的发展水平。 But the environmental cost is being paid by the majority. 但环境成本正在支付的占大多数。 Disadvantaged groups, whose lives were hard enough to begin with, now face pollution, shortages of resources and even the total destruction of their means of survival. 弱势群体，他们的生命很难有足够首先，目前所面对的污染，短缺的资源，甚至彻底摧毁其生存的手段。 When taking steps to mitigate and adapt to climate change, we need to learn the lessons of the past and take note of the potential social problems that may arise. 当采取措施，以减轻和适应气候变化，我们要学习过去的经验教训，并采取注意到了潜在的社会可能出现的问题。 The arguments put forward by China at the international negotiating table – that per capita energy consumption remains low, and that China needs to develop – should also be put to use in the domestic policy-making arena. 所提出的论据，中国在国际谈判桌上-即人均能源消费仍然偏低，和中国发展的需要-也应投入使用，在国内政策决策的舞台。 The idea of unequal development is relevant within the country; the benefits of development need to be more evenly distributed. 的思想，发展不平衡是有关在该国境内;发展带来的好处需要更多地分布均匀。 China may win support for its development on the international stage, but development has to be implemented evenly and fairly. 中国有可能赢得支持其发展，在国际舞台上，但发展必须实施均衡和公平。 Otherwise the arguments that support the government’s position at negotiations will lose their moral foundation. 否则的论据，支持政府的立场，在谈判将失去他们的道德基础。
The government needs to give careful consideration to the positive and negative consequences across society of carbon emissions trading, mitigation and adaptation measures. 政府需要慎重考虑的正面和负面的后果，在全社会的碳排放量交易，缓解和适应措施。 For example, adapting to climate change requires a restructuring of energy resources. 举例来说，适应气候变化需要一个调整的能源资源。 This means that large hydropower projects with heavy social and environmental impacts become a more reasonable option. 这意味着，大型水电项目与沉重的社会和环境的影响，成为一个较为合理的选择。 But strict social and environmental assessments must be carried out, legal loopholes must be closed and laws must be enforced. 但严格的社会和环境评估工作必须进行，法律的漏洞，必须关闭和法律必须得到执行。 Otherwise, negative environmental effects and clashes with people living in reservoir areas are inevitable – and the people’s interests will be harmed. 否则，负面的环境影响和冲突，与生活在库区是不可避免的-和人民的利益将会受到损害。
Environmental and social assessments should take into account the impacts of hydropower projects on biodiversity and local communities. 环境与社会影响评估应顾及的影响水电工程对生物多样性和当地社区。 Public participation should be expanded to increase communities’ ability to tackle climate change. 公众参与，应予扩大，以增加社区的能力，应对气候变化。 Less-developed regions surrounding the upper reaches of major rivers should also receive compensation for water and soil conservation, which should be funded by the industrialised coastal regions that produce the most emissions. 欠发达地区围绕长江上游主要河流也应得到补偿，水和土壤保护，经费应该由沿海工业化地区产生最排放量。
The evidence shows that markets alone cannot address problems of inequality. 证据表明，市场是无法独力解决问题的不平等。 The 那个 Clean Development Mechanism 清洁发展机制 (CDM) is one example. （清洁发展机制）就是一个例子。 The CDM means developed countries provide financial and technical assistance to developing countries, which they can use to develop domestic environmental and sustainable development projects. 清洁发展机制是指发达国家提供资金和技术向发展中国家提供援助，使他们可以使用它来开发的国内环境和可持续发展项目。 In return, developed nations earn permits to emit more greenhouse gases. 作为回报，发达国家赚取许可证，排放更多的温室气体。 China is home to more CDM projects than any other country, but most of the beneficiaries are in urban areas or the industrial sector. 中国是在家中更多的清洁发展机制项目比其他任何国家，但多数的受益者是在城市地区或工业界。 Rural regions, which have the least ability to adapt to climate change, find it hard to benefit from the scheme. 农村地区，其中有至少有能力，以适应气候变化，觉得难以受惠于该计划。 How can renewable energy projects in rural areas – such as methane energy projects – be brought into the CDM and directly benefit local communities? 又如何能的可再生能源项目在农村地区-如沼气能源项目-带入清洁发展机制和直接造福于当地社区的？ Reforestation projects could also be brought into the mechanism, with the prerequisite that the effects on local communities and biodiversity are taken into consideration. 造林项目，也可以带入机制，前提是该对当地社区和生物多样性的考虑。
China is not alone in the problems it faces.中国是并不孤单，在面临的问题。 In August 2007, at the UN General Assembly thematic debate on “Climate Change as a Global Challenge”, Makhdoom Faisal Saleh Hayat, environment minister of 在2007年8月，在联大专题辩论就“气候变化作为一个全球性的挑战” ，马赫杜姆费萨尔萨利赫哈亚特，环境部长 Pakistan 巴基斯坦 , said that the CDM seemed to favour large commercial projects that generate a lot of carbon credits, but have less impact on a country’s sustainable development. 他说，清洁发展机制似乎赞成大型商业项目，产生大量的二氧化碳减排信用，但影响较小，对国家的可持续发展。 He called for more CDM projects to be established at the community level. 他呼吁更多的清洁发展机制项目要建立在社区层面上。
Large, commercial CDM projects do contribute to cutting emissions in developing countries, but they do not necessarily solve the problem of unequal development. 大，商业清洁发展机制项目确实有助于削减的排放量在发展中国家，但他们并不一定解决问题的不平等发展。 It needs to be considered that CDM projects can actually exacerbate problems of uneven development inside developing countries. 它需要得到认为清洁发展机制项目其实可以加剧的问题，发展不平衡，内发展中国家。 China’s western regions and rural areas contribute little to its overall emissions, but bear the brunt of environmental degradation. 中国的中西部地区和农村地区的贡献不大，其整体排放，但承受的环境退化。 They are also less able to adapt. 他们也不太能够适应。 National policies should require different regions to abide by the same principles as different countries in international negotiations: the more developed should take on more of the cost of emissions reduction and mitigation and help the less developed to improve their ability to cope. 国家政策应规定不同区域的遵守同样的原则，不同国家在国际谈判中：较发达，应承担更多的费用的排放量减少和缓解，并帮助欠发达，以改善他们有能力应付。 Climate change should no longer be a question of countries, but of regions. 气候变化的，应不再是一个问题的国家，但地区。 The participation of all interest groups, including NGOs and communities affected by changes, is needed. 参与所有的利益团体，包括非政府组织和社区受影响的变化，是必要的。 Only with such participation will we be able to mobilise all the resources of society and maximise the effects of government action. 只有这样的参与，我们才能够调动一切社会资源和发挥最大的效果，政府的行动。
These ideas were being taken into consideration as early as 2005, during the first 这些想法被考虑到，早在2005年，在第一 meeting of the Parties 缔约方会议 to the Kyoto Protocol in Montreal. 以京都议定书在蒙特利尔。 Since then, there has been some development in the application of the CDM to small-scale projects. 自那时以来，已取得一些发展中的应用清洁发展机制小规模项目。 The CDM Executive Board passed a motion in June 2007 allowing smaller projects to apply, and in July it made some revisions that mean applicants can register as promoters of emissions reduction projects. 清洁发展机制执行理事会通过了一项议案，在2007年6月，让规模较小的计划申请，并在7月 ，它提出了一些修改，这意味着申请人可以登记成为推动者减排项目。 Small-scale projects using methane and energy conservation projects in public buildings or transport can now brought into the CDM. 小规模的项目，使用沼气和节约能源的项目，在公共建筑物或运输现在可以带入清洁发展机制。
The misunderstanding of the CDM by Chinese companies is raising concerns – and risks. 的误解，清洁发展机制的中国公司，是令人担忧-和风险。 One Chinese expert says: “Many companies engaged in CDM projects are in it purely for the large financial benefits. 一中国专家说： “许多公司，从事清洁发展机制项目是在它纯粹是为大的财政利益。 Very few are genuinely concerned about climate change, energy conservation and the environment. 极少数是真正关心气候变化，能源节约和环境的影响。 The uncertainty brought about by the post-Kyoto era could easily destroy the enthusiasm of many companies – and with it the entire market.” The interests of businesses are affected by climate change; incorporating business incentives into the agenda for tackling climate change fits with the way companies work. 不确定性所带来的后京都时代，可轻易摧毁的积极性，许多公司-和与它整个市场“的利益，企业是受气候变化影响的;纳入商业诱因，纳入议程，为应对气候变化适应与公司的工作方式。 Corporate participation is critically important in reducing emissions. 企业参与是极为重要的在减少废气排放量。 It is therefore vital that companies understand and support the CDM. 因此，这是至关重要的是，公司的理解和支持清洁发展机制。 The government and NGOs can help to promote the CDM. 政府和非政府组织可以帮助，以促进清洁发展机制。 As carbon emissions are a public issue, there should be public participation in decisions on how to tackle these questions. 作为碳排放量是一个公共问题，应该有公众参与，在决定如何处理这些问题。
The shortcomings of the CDM highlight a much wider issue: the principle of fairness, which is at the heart of any measures that tackle climate change. 缺点清洁发展机制的强调更广泛的问题：公平的原则，这是在心脏的任何措施对付气候变化的影响。 The development of biofuels, for instance, is causing increasing food and commodity prices in developing countries. 发展生物燃料，举例来说，是造成越来越多的食物和商品价格是在发展中国家。 China’s current carbon trading system is focused largely on cities and the agricultural communities worst affected by climate change do not benefit. 目前中国的碳排放交易制度是重点，主要是对城市和农业社区受影响最严重的气候变化不利于。 These are problems worth addressing in China. 这些问题都是值得解决在中国。 The government needs to consider not only the issue of equality between nations, but also equality within the nation. 政府需要考虑的不仅是平等问题，国家之间，而且也平等的国家。 This is vital to ensure that responses to climate change do not harm the most vulnerable. 这是至关重要的是确保对气候变化的响应不损害是最脆弱的。
This is an edited version of the Feasibility Study on Chinese Civil Society Responses to Climate Change , a report coordinated by eight non-governmental organisations in China: Friends of Nature, Oxfam, Greenpeace, ActionAid, Global Village, the WWF, Green Earth Volunteers and the Institute of Public and Environmental Affairs. 这是一个编辑版本的 可行性研究，对中国民间社会对气候变化的响应，一份报告，协调由8个非政府组织在中国：朋友的性质，乐施会，绿色和平组织，行动，地球村，世界自然基金会，绿色地球志愿者和该研究所的公共及环境事务。 It is the first report of its kind to put forward Chinese civil society's position on climate change and guidance for Chinese citizens to take action on dealing with the issue. 这是第一份此类报告，提出中国民间社会的立场，关于气候变化和指导的中国公民，采取行动处理这个问题。
