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Κινεζικές μπριζόλες - το τελευταίο επιχειρησιακό εργαλείο

2η Ιουνίου 2008 από τις περιπτώσεις επιχειρησιακής επιτυχίας της Κίνας

Από το Maarten Roos

Κινεζικό γραμματόσημο επιχείρησης ως νομικό αντιπρόσωποΜια σημαντική διαφορά στις επιχειρησιακές πρακτικές μεταξύ της Κίνας και πολλών δυτικών χωρών είναι η αξία που τα δικαστήρια και οι ανώτεροι υπάλληλοι δίνουν στο γραμματόσημο (στην Κίνα καλούμενη συχνά η «μπριζόλα» ή η σφραγίδα). Εισάγουμε τους κανόνες και την πρακτική, και μερικές προτάσεις σχετικά με το πώς να διαχειριστούμε τον κίνδυνό σας.

Για πολλές δυτικές επιχειρήσεις, η υπογραφή του νομικού αντιπροσώπου της είναι το τελευταίο σημάδι της αρχής. Όχι έτσι στην Κίνα. Δεδομένου ότι η υπογραφή ενός αντιπροσώπου καταχωρείται σπάνια, η αξία του γραμματοσήμου επιχείρησης είναι πολύ μεγαλύτερη. Κάθε επιχείρηση στην Κίνα, αφότου καθιερώνεται, θα κάνει και θα καταχωρήσει το γραμματόσημο επιχείρησής της με τις τοπικές αρχές (σε αυτήν την περίπτωση το γραφείο δημόσιας ασφάλειας). Προς τους τρίτους, αυτό το γραμματόσημο επιχείρησης αντιπροσωπεύει την επιχείρηση, επομένως τεκμηριώνει τη συμπεριφορά αυτού του γραμματοσήμου θα είναι γενικά νομικός και δεσμευτικός επάνω σε εκείνη την επιχείρηση - εάν εκείνο το έγγραφο αντέχει μια υπογραφή ή όχι!

Το γραμματόσημο επιχείρησης δεν είναι το μόνο γραμματόσημο που μπορεί να αντιπροσωπεύσει την επιχείρηση. Για τις εξειδικευμένες λειτουργίες, οι επιχειρήσεις μπορούν να αποφασίσουν να χαράσουν και να καταχωρήσουν άλλα γραμματόσημα. Τα κοινά παραδείγματα είναι το γραμματόσημο συμβάσεων (για τη σφράγιση των συμβάσεων), το γραμματόσημο χρηματοδότησης (για την παραγωγή των πληρωμών, που έχουν πρόσβαση στους τραπεζικούς λογαριασμούς) και η τελωνειακή σφραγίδα (για να κάνουν τις τελωνειακές δηλώσεις). Αυτοί είναι ιδιαίτερα σημαντικοί για τις μεγαλύτερες επιχειρήσεις όπου οι διαφορετικοί άνθρωποι φέρνουν την τελική αρχή για να εξετάσουν τα διαφορετικά θέματα. Εφ' όσον καταχωρούνται, αυτά τα γραμματόσημα χρησιμεύουν παρόμοια λειτουργία ως το γραμματόσημο επιχείρησης: για να αντιπροσωπεύσουν την επιχείρηση στις σχέσεις με τα εξωτερικά συμβαλλόμενα μέρη.

Individuals can have stamps as well. A Chinese company’s legal representative, for example, should have registered his stamp to be used on documents or papers (including checks) that he executes in his official capacity. Usually the stamp of a legal representative will be a print of his name rather than a print of his signature, though some authorities will accept the latter as well. In any case, the bearing of the legal representative’s stamp presumes the agreement of the legal representative.

Stamp Keeping - Internal vs. External liabilities

The stamp can be a useful tool for companies as it marks authority when the company official representatives are not available: third parties may presume that a document is legally executed if it bears the relevant stamp. On the other hand, except where that third party knows or should have known that the person using the stamp is not authorized to do so (including if it is specified in the company’s registered Articles of Association), the stamping of a document also creates a direct liability onto the company or individual represented by that stamp. If the document is stamped, then the company is bound by its terms.

Therefore a company can and should create a system of internal guidelines to control the use of stamps and assign consequences for misuse or abuse. For example, internal rules (or his contract) can prohibit a sales manager from signing contracts valued above a certain limit; if he goes beyond this limit without prior approval from, say, the general manager, than he will bear the liability for any damages towards the company he misrepresented. If the contract becomes subject to dispute, the company would still be liable towards the third party, but that company could in its turn claim against the sale manager.

The same goes for the use of an individual’s stamp, and in particular that of the legal representative. Another person may be authorized to use this stamp on the representative’s behalf, and a third party may presume such authorization from the legal representative. If the user of the stamp is acting beyond such authorization, it is again an internal matter.

However in many situations, even if a company could claim against an employee for abuse of authorization, the harm is already done. For this reason, it is extremely important to design a system which not only manages the authorization levels for use of the stamps, but also manages the physical control of such stamps. Stamps should be kept safe at all times to minimize the risk of misuse or abuse.

Stamp Keeping – Valuable Lessons

Moreover, since the stamps are often needed in the course of doing business, the company needs to find the right balance between convenient access and restricting use. This is especially the case when the legal representative is away. A lesson that many companies have learned the hard way: Never Leave Important Stamps in the Hands of People That You Do Not Trust!

In one recent case. a Client established a wholly foreign-owned manufacturing company in Zhuhai, appointing a local employee as general manager and placing all stamps in his possession. After a year of operation the company found that the employee had used the chop to sign unapproved contracts with third parties. When the company terminated the employment contract with this general manager, they found that he had used the company stamp to renegotiate his own contract entitling himself to larger compensation should the contract be terminated early for any reason. While this is an extreme example it does illustrate just how powerful the stamp can be in China.

If a stamp needs to be available for emergency purposes while the usual keeper it is out of town, it is a good idea to leave it with your accountant, law firm, or even a trusted friend or colleague. This arrangement can be made even stronger with signed orders that the stamp may only be used for matters specifically mentioned or separately confirmed, and any use must be recorded in a ledger. In this way a company may share it’s liability with third parties, and still have the benefit of being able to act if and when necessary. In the above mentioned case, when the newly-appointed foreign manager is now out of town the stamps are kept in our safe, and usage is controlled under a detailed retainer agreement.

Conclusions

The stamp is of extreme significance in China and therefore anyone interested in doing business here should devise guidelines for use and provide adequate safeguards to protect themselves from such risk.

Maarten Roos, Wang Jing & Co

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2 Responses to “Chinese Chops – the Ultimate Business Tool”

  1. Kathryn Buer Says:

    Maarten - Excellent article on the chops!

    This is something that expat managers need to clearly understand. I suspect that our first reaction is generally “but anyone can pick up and use the chop” but in Chinese a signature can also easily copied.

    On my first assignment in China the previous Managing Director (also an expat)took the chops and mis-used after he was terminated, causing the company a legal problem. We were able to avoid a serious issue but it definitely taught me the importance of the chops.

    Expat managers MUST take the chop seriously and, interestingly enough, having worked with more than 20 companies in China, I have never had it mentioned to me by any of the so-called legal or market experts.

    Well done, Maarten!

  2. david lodge Says:

    i never hand my company, finance or personal chops to anyone other than my wife or parents in law. i chop every purchase order and cheque. every contract of employment, every customs contract and many more. While this may seem extreme it’s important to let your staff know that you treat these items with the gravity they deserve. the expat manager who hands these over to anyone outside his family or a foreign law/acountancy firm is asking to be cheeated. at least if i get scammed I can only blame myself as i hold the chops.

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