By Thomas Chow由周达明

The International Law News, which is the American Bar Association’s publication for the 在国际法律的新闻，这是美国律师协会的刊物为 International Law Section 国际法律科 , recently published an article by Law Professor ，最近发表了一篇文章，由法学教授 Richard Gruner 理查德古纳亚尔 entitled “Intellectual Property in the Four Chinas”.  Now, you might be wondering if there are four Chinas in the first place since most people think there is one China.  If you are a firm supporter of Taiwan, which is technically the Republic of China, that would give you two Chinas at best. 题为“知识产权在我国的四个” 。现在，你可能不知道，如果有4我国摆在首位，因为大多数人认为是有一个中国。如果你是一个坚定支持者，在台湾，这是技术上中华人民共和国是中国的，这将让您二我国在最好的。

On that note, Professor Gruner argues astutely:就说明，古纳亚尔教授辩称，敏锐：

The analysis of IP laws and their enforcement in China has been hobbled by oversimplifying China itself. 分析知识产权法律和执法，在中国一直陷入oversimplifying中国本身。 A number of astute observers of the developing business environments . 一些精明的观察员广大发展中国家的营商环境。 . 。 . 。

in China have recognized that there are at least four distinct regional situations–that is, the “four Chinas” within the [PRC]–that are developing as the country emerges into a period of greatly heightened commercial activity. 在中国已经认识到，有至少四个不同区域的情况-即“四我国” [中华人民共和国] -正在制订该国出现了一个时期，大大提高商业活动。

The regional characteristics . 区域特色。 . 。 . 。 of the four regions of the PRC discussed here create four very different sets of opportunities and problems for IPR holders. 上述四个地区的中华人民共和国这里所讨论的创造四个非常套不同的机会和问题，为知识产权持有人。 The impact of IP varies in different regions of the country because a combination of local differences in types of dominant businesses in local areas, variations of the local political clout of businesses that infringe IPR, and the ability of local officials to grant or withhold strong IP enforcement due to the regional nature of IP enforcement mechanisms in China. 影响IP的不同，在不同地区的国家，因为结合当地的差异类型的主导企业，在局部地区，变化的地方的政治影响力的企业，侵犯知识产权，并有能力的地方官员给予或不强烈的IP执法由于区域性质的知识产权执法机制，在中国。

I cannot agree more.我不能同意。 China, while it is trying to unify its laws and enforcement of IP law (and its other laws, for that matter), is a huge nation.  I keep reminding people that China has a landmass that is far more comparable to the entire EU than to America.  Inevitably, there are bound to be differences.  Even in America, the law can vary dramatically from state to state.  Louisiana isn’t even a common law state.  If people forum shop in the US because courts and laws are different, imagine forum shopping in a landmass that encompasses more than three times America’s population.  I think you get the picture.中国，而它正试图统一其法律和执行知识产权法（和其他法律，因为这件事） ，是一个庞大的国家，我不断提醒人们，中国有地块是到目前为止，更具可比性，以整个欧盟比到美国。难免会有一定会有差异，即使在美国，法律可以显着不同的州与州之间。路易斯安那州甚至没有一个共同的法律的国家，如果人民论坛店，在美国，因为法院和法律的不同，试想论坛商场在一个地块包含了3倍以上，美国的人口。我认为你得到的图片。

Gruner identities the Four Chinas as:古纳亚尔特性4我国为：

1. The municipalities of Beijing, Shanghai, and Hong Kong, and the surrounding areas under the direct control and influence of these cities, which are both commercial centers and heavily industrialized. 1 。直辖市北京，上海，香港，及周边地区的直接领导下的控制和影响这些城市，这都是商业中心和重工业化。

2. Coastal China, the areas near China’s coastline other than the major urban centers of the First China, which are often mixed economies with many large scale manufacturing activities conducted at low product cost. 2 。沿海中国，附近地区的中国的海岸线以外的其他主要城市中心的首届中国，这往往是混合经济与许多大型制造业活动的进行，在低生产成本。

3. Inner China, regions immediately inland from the coastal sections of China, which are heavily dominated by agriculture. 3 。内蒙古，中国内陆地区，立即从沿海部分的中国，这是重为主的农业。

4. Outer China, the western provinces of China and desert areas, which consist mostly of economies of mineral and oil extraction. 4 。外层空间的中国，西部省份的中国和沙漠地区，其中大多是经济的矿产和石油提取。

This should be no surprise to China watchers.这应该是毫不奇怪，以中国观察家。 The differences between the “tiered” cities mirror some of these observations.  Many colleagues and clients will assume that enforcement in China is enforcement in China.  It is not, and it is important to consider the characteristics of various regions.之间的分歧“分层”城市的一面镜子，一些这些意见，很多同事和客户将假定在中国的执法是执法，在中国，这不是，这是重要的是要考虑的特点，各地区。

Gruner observes that in the First China, “local authorities have strong motivations to pursue IPR enforcement as a means to both reward and enhance local innovators and to entice outsiders .古纳亚尔指出，在首届中国“ ， 地方当局有强烈的动机，追求知识产权执法作为一种手段，既奖励和提升本地创新者和吸引外人。 . 。 . 。 to inject new technologies into the local economy through IP licensing.” He approximates the level of IP interest as being similar to those of highly technical western counties like the US 注入新的技术纳入本地经济，通过知识产权许可“ ，他接近的水平，知识产权的利益作为类似那些技术性很强的西方国家和美国一样

Coastal China’s manufacturing “involves technologies originating in other parts of China or copied (often without proper IP licenses) from foreign sources.中国沿海的制造业“涉及的技术原产于中国其他地区或复制（往往没有适当的IP许可）从外国来源。 The interests of this region are thus largely tied to the . 的利益，这个地区，从而在很大程度上挂钩。 . 。 . 。 profitability of local manufacturing without any reciprocal concern over the lack of IP-based rewards for local innovators.” Gruner concludes about this area: 盈利能力的本土制造业没有任何相互的关注，缺乏基于IP的奖励为本地革新者。 “古纳亚尔结束关于这方面的：

This region represents the greatest challenges for IP enforcement in China due to both its present economic interests in weak IP enforcement and the breathtaking scope of its infringement capacity in large-scale, low-cost manufacturing of unlicensed goods covered by IPR. 这一地区的代表所面临的最大挑战，为知识产权执法在中国，由于其目前的经济利益，在薄弱的知识产权执法和激动人心的在其职权范围内侵犯的能力，在大规模，低成本生产的无牌商品所涵盖的知识产权。

Gruner argues that Inner China, on the other hand, will find IP enforcement largely irrelevant except “IP-protected products or services used in agriculture.” On the whole, inner China is more like “unindustrialized portions of Africa.”古纳亚尔认为，中国内蒙古，另一方面，会发现知识产权执法，主要是不相干的除外“知识产权保护的产品或服务的使用在农业方面。 ”就整体而言，内，中国是越来越像“ unindustrialized部分非洲” 。

Finally, outer China also finds IPR enforcement irrelevant except where mining and oil extraction take place, because businesses “may have significant opportunities to use advanced technologies.最后，外中国还认定，知识产权执法无关的除外采矿和石油开采发生，因为企业“可能有重大的机会，利用先进的技术。 While there may be some local innovation in these technologies . 虽然可能会有一些地方创新在这些技术。 . 。 . 。 , these are probably outweighed by the commercial advantages of tolerating infringement.” Gruner believes that enforcement here will be similar to Inner China. ，这些都是可能抵销了由商业的优势，容忍侵犯。 “古纳亚尔认为，执法在这里将类似于中国内蒙古。

While I agree generally with Gruner’s conclusions up to this point, I want to note a few things.  First, he does not define what cities fall under the urban category or the coastal category.  Areas “under control” of Beijing-Shanghai-Hong Kong is only more confusing.虽然我同意，一般与古纳亚尔的结论了这一点，我要注意几件事：第一，他并不界定什么是城市属于市区类别或沿海类别。地区“的控制下， ”北京-上海-香港只是更加混乱。

Second, it is increasingly difficult to try to segregate out Beijing, Shanghai, and Hong Kong (the “first tier” cities) from other major “second-tier” cities, such as Qingdao, Tianjin, or Dalian.  Ironically, most of these second tier cities happen to be the Coastal Regions.  Which do they fall under?其次，它是越来越困难，设法隔离出北京，上海和香港（ “第一级”城市）由其他主要的“第二级”城市，如青岛，天津，大连或讽刺的是，大多数这些第二层城市发生被沿岸地区。其中，他们属于？

And how about a second tier city like Hangzhou?  It is neither coastal nor within the direct influence of Shanghai.  And yet, it is the Hangzhou Intermediate People’s Court that made headlines with the G2000 v. 2000 case.  There, the court assessed damages of 20 million yuan–far beyond the damages of any of other China’s first-tier courts.以及如何对第二层的城市一样，杭州？这是既不沿海，也不符合直接影响上海。然而，这是杭州市中级人民法院审理认为，作出的头条新闻与纵横二千五， 2000年的情况有，法院评估赔偿2000.0万元-远远超出而造成的任何损害其他中国的第一梯队法院。

I think the first two categories are problematic to some degree.  I still agree that the Beijing-Shanghai-Hong Kong triumvirate will provide greater IPR enforcement in general.  But I also believe that Coastal China and China’s second-tier cities are much harder to group.  Some areas will have strong enforcement while others fall directly into Gruner’s description.  A better categorization would be that urbanized areas and coastal China outside of the 3 major cities fall within a sliding scale that is hard to determine.  If you or your clients plan to be in these areas, then you need to do your due diligence to understand the extent of IPR enforcement.我认为，前两类有问题在一定程度上，我仍然一致认为，北京-上海-香港三人将提供更大的知识产权执法的一般，但我也相信，中国沿海和中国的二线城市困难得多组。一些地区将有强有力的执行，而其他属于直接排入古纳亚尔的描述。更好的分类将是城市化地区和沿海中国以外的3个主要城市范围内滑动的规模是难以确定，如果你或您的客户计划，要在这些领域，那么你需要做您的尽职调查，了解的程度，知识产权执法。

In the end, Professor Gruner argues that a multi-regional view of IP in China is necessary.  I definitely agree with that.在年底，古纳亚尔教授认为，一个多区域，鉴于知识产权在中国是必要的。我绝对同意这一点。

Thomas Chow is an attorney with the San Francisco office of 周达明是一个检察长与旧金山办事处 Gartenberg Gelfand Wasson & Selden LLP 迈克尔gelfand wasson ＆塞尔登LLP公司 . His practice includes counseling Chinese clients on US domestic matters, including entity formation, business transactions, employment matters, and IP/trademark prosecution. He also represents Chinese clients in US based litigation involving intellectual property (copyright, trademark, trade secrets), contracts, real estate, securities, and products liability. 他的做法，包括咨商的中国客户对美国国内的事项，包括实体的形成，商业交易，雇佣事宜，和IP /商标起诉。他还代表中国客户在总部设在美国的诉讼涉及知识产权（版权，商标，商业秘密） ，合同，房地产，证券和产品责任。