By Sebastien Bretau由塞巴斯蒂安bretau

Quality Control is a crucial part in the process of importing from China. 質量控制是一個關鍵的一部分，在這個過程中進口來自中國。 Pressure on production costs, distance, time and cultural differences make it unavoidable. 壓力對生產成本，距離，時間和文化差異，使它無可避免的。

Implementing Quality Control allows the importer to:實施質量控制，使進口商到：
• Minimize the risks (and associated costs) linked to quality, loading, warehousing or non-compliance issues: “My products have been rejected by customs because the labelling done by my Chinese supplier does not comply with European standards.” •最小的風險（和相關費用）相聯繫的質量，裝載，倉儲或不遵守的問題： “我的產品已被否決，由海關，因為標籤做我的中國供應商不遵守歐洲標準” 。

• Make sure contractual obligations are met (specification, packing, printing, delivery): “My client rejected my delivery because the colour code of his logo has been wrongly printed on the production lot.” •確保合同義務會見（規格，包裝，印刷，交貨）說： “我的客戶拒絕了我交貨，因為顏色代碼他的標誌已被錯誤地印上生產了很多” 。

• Spot the potential issues before the shipping, rather than upon delivery in Europe: “I have a container of glasses sitting in a warehouse in Europe, waiting for the products to be sorted and cleaned before I can sell them.” •即期的潛在問題之前，航運，而非交付後在歐洲： “我有一個貨櫃的眼鏡，坐在一個倉庫在歐洲，等待產品進行排序和清理，這樣我才可以出售他們” 。

• Create and maintain a reliable supplier pool and reduce costs: “I have setup an annual audit and regular inspections with this Chinese factory, and I can now work directly with them and run my productions confidently…” •創造並維持一個可靠的供應商池及降低成本： “我已安裝一年度審計和定期巡查與這個中國的工廠，和我現在可以工作，直接與他們並運行我的演出信心十足地… … ”

3 different solutions can be implemented and combined, depending on the importer’s needs: 3種不同的解決方案得以落實和聯合，這取決於進口商的需求：

1. 1 。 Product Inspections產品檢查

An Inspector is sent to the Factory to inspect a running production.督察發送到工廠視察生產運行。
The buyer can decide when to perform the Inspection (at the beginning, middle or very end of the production process, or even during the loading of the container) – the most usual need being the Pre-Shipment Inspection, or PSI.買方可以決定何時執行檢查（在開頭，中間或非常年底，生產過程，或什至在載貨貨櫃） -最慣常的需要作為裝船前檢驗，或防擴散安全倡議。
A standard inspection process:一個標準的檢查過程：

A/ the Buyer send his specifications (factory details, product description, expected quantity, printing, packing, basic function tests to be performed). 1 /買方派遣他的規格（工廠的細節，產品描述，預計數量，印刷，包裝，基本功能測試，以執行） 。

B/ Ideally, the Buyer sends an approved sample to the Inspection Company.的B /理想的情況下，買方發出已核准的樣本，以檢驗公司。

C/ The Inspector goes to the factory on the selected date, and starts by counting the number of cartons ready to be inspected (closed).的C /檢查員到工廠就選定的日期，並開始計數的數目紙箱準備檢查（非公開） 。 Among these, he selects randomly the cartons he will actually inspect.其中，他選擇隨機紙箱，他將實際檢查。

D/ Inside these selected cartons, the Inspector picks the products that he will actually check – the number of pieces to select is given by the ISO2859 standard : for instance out of a 35,000pcs lot, a regular sampling level would result in 315 pcs actually checked. /內這些選定的紙箱，督察挑選的產品，他實際上會檢查-件數來選擇是由i so2859標準：比如出於對3 5000pcs很多，定期採樣的水平，會導致3 15個人電腦，其實檢查。

E/ the Inspector records every defect or discrepency he finds, performs the requested tests, and from his findings he can create the Inspection Report, and give an Inspection result (Passed or Failed).英/檢查員記錄每一個缺陷或discrepency他認為，執行所要求的測試，並從他的調查結果，他可以創造的檢查報告，並給予一檢查結果（通過或失敗） 。

F/ based on this Report, the client can decide what to do with the shipment. /在此基礎上的報告，客戶可以決定要怎麼做與裝運。

The Product Inspection is thus an efficient way of getting protected against potential manufacturing wrong-doings from the Factory.產品檢驗，因此一有效率的方式來獲得保護，免受潛在的製造錯誤做法從工廠。

It is advised to use Letter of Credits as payment mean with Chinese factories, and to include the Inspection Certificate in the documents to be remitted to the bank to trigger the final payment: thus, the Factory can not get payment unless the Buyer approves the Inspection Report.它建議使用的信中學分作為付款的意思與中國的工廠，並包括檢驗證書，在文件被匯往銀行觸發最後付款：因此，工廠不能得到付款，除非買方批准的檢查報告。

The cost for an Inspection might be difficult to forecast, since most companies charge extra expenses for the Inspector travel, meal or hotel.成本一檢查，可能很難預測，由於大部分公司收取額外的費用為督察旅行，膳食或酒店。

2. 2 。 Audits審計

Once a potential supplier has been identified, it is always preferable to have him checked on site.一旦潛在的供應商已被確定，它始終是最好有他在現場檢查。 Quality Control companies can perform 2 main types of Audits:質量控制的公司可以執行二主要類型的審計：
a/ Production Audit: according to ISO 9000 standards, an Auditor will evaluate the Factory on a number of criteria (organisation and workflow, production capacity, R&D facilites, internal Quality systems, etc), and should allow the buyer to answer the question « Is this factory able to manufacture my product properly ? 1 /生產審核：根據ISO 9000標準，核數師會評估工廠對若干準則（組織和工作流程，生產能力，研發設施，內部質量體系等） ，並應允許買方回答«這是工廠能夠製造我的產品呢？ ». » 。

b/ Social Audit: according to SA 8000 standard, this Audit focuses only on social conditions in the factory; the assessment will be on child labour, forced labour, hygiene and security conditions, discrimination and coercion, working hours and wages, etc. The purpose of this Audit is to allow the buyer to answer the question « Does this Factory implement acceptable working conditions for its workers ?的B /社會審計：根據公司8000的標準，這次審計的重點，不僅對社會條件的工廠;評估將是童工，強迫勞動，衛生和安全條件，歧視和脅迫，工作時間和工資，等等。的目的，這次審計是讓買方回答«這是否落實工廠可以接受的工作條件，其工人呢？ ». » 。 Audits being a more complex service than Product Inspections, it is generally more expensive.審計作為一個更複雜的服務比產品的檢查，這是一般較昂貴。

3. 3 。 Laboratory Testing化驗

For some product lines, a Testing report might be required by local legislation.對一些產品線，測試報告，可能需要由地方立法。 For instance, it can be about testing the chemical components of a product or their non-toxicity (eg the RoHS standard for electrical devices).例如，它可以對測試化學成分的產品或其非毒性（如產品標準，電氣設備） 。 It can also mean life duration tests, or usability tests that can not be performed on site in the Factory.它也可以平均壽命時間的測試，或可用性測試，無法執行對網站中的工廠。

One / several samples of the product are then sent to the Laboratory (by the buyer or the factory), which will implement the requested tests and issue a Test Report. 1 /數的樣本產品，然後送往實驗室（由買方或工廠） ，其中將實施所要求的測試和問題的測試報告。 A typical turnaround time is about 10 days.一個典型的周轉時間是大約10天。

Having these tests performed in China, rather than in Europe, usually allows the importer to gain on costs and delays.這些測試在中國，而不是在歐洲，通常允許進口商獲得對費用和延誤。
These Lab Tests are thus a complement, when required, to regular Quality Inspection processes.這些實驗室測試，因此補充，必要時，定期質量檢驗流程。 As for their cost, it is given upon quotation since it varies greatly according to product type and composition.至於他們的成本，這是由於後報價，因為它很大的不同，根據產品類型和組成。

By using these 3 tools, and integrating them to the Purchasing process, importers can significantly reduce the risks linked to importing from Asia, and start direct relationships with factories 10,000 miles away.用這3個工具，並整合他們的採購過程中，進口商可顯著降低風險聯繫在一起的進口來自亞洲，並開始直接關係，與工廠一零零零零英里消失。

Sebastien Bretau,塞巴斯蒂安bretau ， Asia Inspection亞洲檢查