By Sebastien Bretau由塞巴斯蒂安bretau

Quality Control is a crucial part in the process of importing from China. 质量控制是一个关键的一部分，在这个过程中进口来自中国。 Pressure on production costs, distance, time and cultural differences make it unavoidable. 压力对生产成本，距离，时间和文化差异，使它无可避免的。

Implementing Quality Control allows the importer to:实施质量控制，使进口商到：
• Minimize the risks (and associated costs) linked to quality, loading, warehousing or non-compliance issues: “My products have been rejected by customs because the labelling done by my Chinese supplier does not comply with European standards.” •最小的风险（和相关费用）相联系的质量，装载，仓储或不遵守的问题： “我的产品已被否决，由海关，因为标签做我的中国供应商不遵守欧洲标准” 。

• Make sure contractual obligations are met (specification, packing, printing, delivery): “My client rejected my delivery because the colour code of his logo has been wrongly printed on the production lot.” •确保合同义务会见（规格，包装，印刷，交货）说： “我的客户拒绝了我交货，因为颜色代码他的标志已被错误地印上生产了很多” 。

• Spot the potential issues before the shipping, rather than upon delivery in Europe: “I have a container of glasses sitting in a warehouse in Europe, waiting for the products to be sorted and cleaned before I can sell them.” •即期的潜在问题之前，航运，而非交付后在欧洲： “我有一个货柜的眼镜，坐在一个仓库在欧洲，等待产品进行排序和清理，这样我才可以出售他们” 。

• Create and maintain a reliable supplier pool and reduce costs: “I have setup an annual audit and regular inspections with this Chinese factory, and I can now work directly with them and run my productions confidently…” •创造并维持一个可靠的供应商池及降低成本： “我已安装一年度审计和定期巡查与这个中国的工厂，和我现在可以工作，直接与他们并运行我的演出信心十足地… … ”

3 different solutions can be implemented and combined, depending on the importer’s needs: 3种不同的解决方案得以落实和联合，这取决于进口商的需求：

1. 1 。 Product Inspections产品检查

An Inspector is sent to the Factory to inspect a running production.督察发送到工厂视察生产运行。
The buyer can decide when to perform the Inspection (at the beginning, middle or very end of the production process, or even during the loading of the container) – the most usual need being the Pre-Shipment Inspection, or PSI.买方可以决定何时执行检查（在开头，中间或非常年底，生产过程，或什至在载货货柜） -最惯常的需要作为装船前检验，或防扩散安全倡议。
A standard inspection process:一个标准的检查过程：

A/ the Buyer send his specifications (factory details, product description, expected quantity, printing, packing, basic function tests to be performed). 1 /买方派遣他的规格（工厂的细节，产品描述，预计数量，印刷，包装，基本功能测试，以执行） 。

B/ Ideally, the Buyer sends an approved sample to the Inspection Company.的B /理想的情况下，买方发出已核准的样本，以检验公司。

C/ The Inspector goes to the factory on the selected date, and starts by counting the number of cartons ready to be inspected (closed).的C /检查员到工厂就选定的日期，并开始计数的数目纸箱准备检查（非公开） 。 Among these, he selects randomly the cartons he will actually inspect.其中，他选择随机纸箱，他将实际检查。

D/ Inside these selected cartons, the Inspector picks the products that he will actually check – the number of pieces to select is given by the ISO2859 standard : for instance out of a 35,000pcs lot, a regular sampling level would result in 315 pcs actually checked. /内这些选定的纸箱，督察挑选的产品，他实际上会检查-件数来选择是由i so2859标准：比如出于对3 5000pcs很多，定期采样的水平，会导致3 15个人电脑，其实检查。

E/ the Inspector records every defect or discrepency he finds, performs the requested tests, and from his findings he can create the Inspection Report, and give an Inspection result (Passed or Failed).英/检查员记录每一个缺陷或discrepency他认为，执行所要求的测试，并从他的调查结果，他可以创造的检查报告，并给予一检查结果（通过或失败） 。

F/ based on this Report, the client can decide what to do with the shipment. /在此基础上的报告，客户可以决定要怎么做与装运。

The Product Inspection is thus an efficient way of getting protected against potential manufacturing wrong-doings from the Factory.产品检验，因此一有效率的方式来获得保护，免受潜在的制造错误做法从工厂。

It is advised to use Letter of Credits as payment mean with Chinese factories, and to include the Inspection Certificate in the documents to be remitted to the bank to trigger the final payment: thus, the Factory can not get payment unless the Buyer approves the Inspection Report.它建议使用的信中学分作为付款的意思与中国的工厂，并包括检验证书，在文件被汇往银行触发最后付款：因此，工厂不能得到付款，除非买方批准的检查报告。

The cost for an Inspection might be difficult to forecast, since most companies charge extra expenses for the Inspector travel, meal or hotel.成本一检查，可能很难预测，由于大部分公司收取额外的费用为督察旅行，膳食或酒店。

2. 2 。 Audits审计

Once a potential supplier has been identified, it is always preferable to have him checked on site.一旦潜在的供应商已被确定，它始终是最好有他在现场检查。 Quality Control companies can perform 2 main types of Audits:质量控制的公司可以执行二主要类型的审计：
a/ Production Audit: according to ISO 9000 standards, an Auditor will evaluate the Factory on a number of criteria (organisation and workflow, production capacity, R&D facilites, internal Quality systems, etc), and should allow the buyer to answer the question « Is this factory able to manufacture my product properly ? 1 /生产审核：根据ISO 9000标准，核数师会评估工厂对若干准则（组织和工作流程，生产能力，研发设施，内部质量体系等） ，并应允许买方回答«这是工厂能够制造我的产品呢？ ». » 。

b/ Social Audit: according to SA 8000 standard, this Audit focuses only on social conditions in the factory; the assessment will be on child labour, forced labour, hygiene and security conditions, discrimination and coercion, working hours and wages, etc. The purpose of this Audit is to allow the buyer to answer the question « Does this Factory implement acceptable working conditions for its workers ?的B /社会审计：根据公司8000的标准，这次审计的重点，不仅对社会条件的工厂;评估将是童工，强迫劳动，卫生和安全条件，歧视和胁迫，工作时间和工资，等等。的目的，这次审计是让买方回答«这是否落实工厂可以接受的工作条件，其工人呢？ ». » 。 Audits being a more complex service than Product Inspections, it is generally more expensive.审计作为一个更复杂的服务比产品的检查，这是一般较昂贵。

3. 3 。 Laboratory Testing化验

For some product lines, a Testing report might be required by local legislation.对一些产品线，测试报告，可能需要由地方立法。 For instance, it can be about testing the chemical components of a product or their non-toxicity (eg the RoHS standard for electrical devices).例如，它可以对测试化学成分的产品或其非毒性（如产品标准，电气设备） 。 It can also mean life duration tests, or usability tests that can not be performed on site in the Factory.它也可以平均寿命时间的测试，或可用性测试，无法执行对网站中的工厂。

One / several samples of the product are then sent to the Laboratory (by the buyer or the factory), which will implement the requested tests and issue a Test Report. 1 /数的样本产品，然后送往实验室（由买方或工厂） ，其中将实施所要求的测试和问题的测试报告。 A typical turnaround time is about 10 days.一个典型的周转时间是大约10天。

Having these tests performed in China, rather than in Europe, usually allows the importer to gain on costs and delays.这些测试在中国，而不是在欧洲，通常允许进口商获得对费用和延误。
These Lab Tests are thus a complement, when required, to regular Quality Inspection processes.这些实验室测试，因此补充，必要时，定期质量检验流程。 As for their cost, it is given upon quotation since it varies greatly according to product type and composition.至于他们的成本，这是由于后报价，因为它很大的不同，根据产品类型和组成。

By using these 3 tools, and integrating them to the Purchasing process, importers can significantly reduce the risks linked to importing from Asia, and start direct relationships with factories 10,000 miles away.用这3个工具，并整合他们的采购过程中，进口商可显着降低风险联系在一起的进口来自亚洲，并开始直接关系，与工厂一零零零零英里消失。

Sebastien Bretau,塞巴斯蒂安bretau ， Asia Inspection亚洲检查