The growth of the Chinese economy is well known and well documented. 增长的中国经济是众所周知的，而且都是有案可稽的。 The compound growth since 1995 has been 9%, and with an impressive rate of 10.7% in 2006. 复合增长率自1995年以来，已为9 ％ ，并以令人印象深刻的10.7 ％的比率在2006年推出。 Now China’s overall GDP ranks sixth in the world, and the country also has the world’s second-largest foreign exchange reserve. 现在中国的整体国内生产总值居世界第六位，该国还拥有世界上第二大的外汇储备。 Furthermore, it is the most popular destination for foreign direct investment, taking in some one billion dollars a week. 此外，它是最热门的目的地为外国直接投资，同时在某些十亿美元的一个星期。

With about the same land area as the USA but with four times the population, China provides potentially the world’s greatest internal market. 与大约同一土地面积为美国，但与4倍的人口，中国提供了潜在的世界最大的内部市场。 The Chinese economy is also becoming substantially more sophisticated and advanced technologically, and this tendency is also evident in the patterns of its own internal market. 中国经济也正变得更成熟和先进的技术，这种倾向也很明显，在图案它自己的内部市场。 Take the information communication sector as an example, China is the world’s largest market for mobile telephones, with over 450 million users by the end of 2006, while it is issuing licences for third-generation operations during 2007. 以信息通信部门作为一个例子，中国是世界上最大的市场，为移动电话，其中有超过4.5亿用户到2006年年底，虽然现在发牌时，为第三代行动，在2007年。 It is the world’s largest market for semiconductors. 它是世界上最大的半导体市场。 It is the second-largest market in the world for personal computers and also for Internet services, with 123 million users as of the end of 2006. 它是第二大市场，在世界上，为个人电脑，也上网服务， 123万用户，截至2006年年底。 The Chinese software industry is usually regarded as lagging that of India, but this also is developing rapidly. 中国软件业通常被视为落后，即印度，但是，这也发展迅速。

These more advanced developments proceed against a background of continual development in more traditional industries such as steel and cement, where China is by far the largest producer and consumer in the world as it continues to develop it housing, its industrial plant and its infrastructure. 这些更先进的发展，着手对背景的不断发展，在更传统的产业，如钢铁和水泥，而中国是目前世界上最大的生产国和消费国，在世界上，因为它继续发展它的房屋，其工业厂房和基础设施。 A large part of the new industrial development is concentrated in number of powerful municipalities of Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Guangzhou, located in the Bohai Rim, Yangzi Delta, and Pearl River Delta respectively. 大部份的新的工业发展主要集中在一批实力雄厚的直辖市北京，天津，上海，广州，坐落在环渤海，长江三角洲，珠江三角洲。

No longer a Cheap Sweatshop 不再是一个廉价的血汗工厂
Although it is popular in ‘the West’ to depict China’s economic development as one driven by an endless supply of cheap labour, with figures like €2 a day being frequently cited for manual workers, China is less and less a low-wage-cost country. 虽然这是流行的'西' ，以描绘中国经济的发展作为一个驱动源源不绝的廉价劳动力，这些数字€ 2日被经常引用为体力工人，中国是越来越少，低工资低成本的国家。 Social costs are substantially higher than in most other Asian countries, while increasing labour shortages, and especially shortages in skilled operatives, are driving up production costs. 社会成本大大高于大部分其他亚洲国家，而越来越多的劳工短缺问题，特别是缺乏熟练的操作工人，是拉动生产成本。 At the same time, however, the efficiency of the productive apparatus is increasing with such rapidity as to more than compensate for these increases in labour and associated costs. 在同一时间内，但工作效率的生产器具日益增大，如速度，以超过弥补这些增加的劳动力和相关的费用。 The attractions of a more highly skilled and better-educated workforce, allowing research and development also to be localised and even outsourced and off shored, together with the associated high quality of outsourced manufacturing and its close proximity of the rest of the Asian market, continue to make China a most interesting proposition for business investment and development. 该景点的一个更高度熟练和受过良好教育的劳动力，使研究与发展，也仅属于局部性的，甚至外包和离岸shored ，连同相关的高品质的外包制造及其邻近的其他亚洲市场，继续为了使中国成为最有趣的命题，企业投资和发展。

When Chinese cost structures are seen in relation to those of UK, it is clear that the lower wages (and then only in exchange rate terms, these being much higher in purchasing-power terms) can be counterbalanced by the higher levels of knowledge encapsulated in such areas as automation and process control. 当中国的成本结构，在看到有关这些的英国，这清楚显示，较低的工资（而且只会在汇率计算，这些被高得多，在购买电源条款） ，可抵消由具备更高的知识水平，在包覆等方面的自动化和过程控制。 But then cost is not the only driver, and indeed much of the attraction of China today resides in the higher efficiencies of many of its supply chains. 但是成本不是唯一的司机，而事实上大部分的吸引力，今天的中国，住在高效率的，它的许多供应链。 These are in turn often associated with a rapid increase in the number and variety of research and development centres in China. 这些又是经常与快速增加的数量和品种的研究与发展中心在中国。

Emerging S&T Power新兴的科技力量
The country is emerging as a strong science and technology (S&T) base.该国正在成为一个强有力的科学和技术（科技）基地。 About 250 000 engineering students are currently enrolled in higher education every year and China becomes increasingly competitive in advanced technologies, with new technology standards being created by Chinese for China.约25万个工科学生，目前就读于高等教育每年都和中国日益国际竞争力的先进技术，用新的技术标准，被中国人制造的，为中国。 Sophisticated local taste and preference are strong drivers for a Chinese way of technology approach and development.精密当地的口味和偏好是强大的驱动力，为中国人的方法技术途径和发展。 The Government is keen to encourage S&T as a driver of the new economy.政府正积极鼓励科技作为驱动力的新经济。 For example, the Chinese Ministry of S&T launched S&T funding programmes worth € 10 billion in 2005, the lion part of which is dedicated to high technology R&D, but key basic research gets its fair share as well.举例来说，中国商务部科技推出科技拨款方案值得€ 10亿元，到2005年，狮子，其中一部分是专门为高科技研发，但重点基础研究得到公平的份额，以及。 R&D intensity, has more than doubled from 0.6% of GDP in 1995 to just over 1.34% in 2005.研发强度，增加了一倍多，由0.6 ％的国内生产总值在1995年刚刚超过1.34 ％ ，在2005年。 In 2007 two-thirds of Chinese research spending is expected to come from industry and one-third from the government.在2007年有三分之二的中国研发支出预计来自产业，并有三分一来自政府。 In the meantime the number of foreign R&D centres in Shanghai, Beijing, and Chengdu is steadily increasing, reach over 720 by end of 2006.在此期间有多少外资研发中心在上海，北京，成都，是在稳步增加，达到720个以上，由2006年年底。

China’s goal for S&T is from a big nation to a strong nation based on an innovative society. 中国的目标，为科技 ，是由一个大国，以一个强大的国家，基于一个创新的社会。 Even though currently only 5% of patents filed by Chinese nationals are on inventions, the country focuses on technology development for scientific and technological independence, in a well-promoted drive known as “self-innovation”. 尽管目前只有5 ％的专利申请，由中国国民对发明，为国家重点科技发展科学和技术的独立性，在一个良好的驱动，促进了被称为"自主创新" 。

At the same time as these internal transformations are proceeding, China is itself becoming a major overseas investor. 在同一时间，因为这些内部变革仍在进行中，中国本身就是成为一个主要的海外投资者。 The investments cover a wide field, ranging from securing sources of industry-strategic raw materials to such purchases as that of IBM’s PC business by Lenovo. 投资范围广泛，领域，从保证来源的行业具有战略意义的原材料，以这种购买，因为IBM的PC业务由联想。

Key Areas for Development 重点发展领域
Looking forward, the Chinese economy is expected to grow at an annual rate of 8 per cent during the period of the 11th Five-Year Plan (2006-10). 展望未来五年，中国经济预计将每年增长8 ％的期间，第11个五年计划（ 2006-10 ） 。 Accelerated industrialization and local governments’ strong desire to develop their economy will be the backbone of future economic growth. 加速工业化和地方政府的强烈愿望，以发展他们的经济也会受到较大的骨干，未来的经济增长。 The per capita income of urban and rural residents grew by annual averages of 9.2 per cent and 5.2 per cent from 2001 to 2005. 人均收入和城乡居民增长了全年平均值的9.2 ％和5.2 ％ ，从2001年至2005年。

This improved standard of living allowed for increased spending on healthcare, transportation, telecommunications, education, entertainment and housing, rather than just food and clothing. 这种改善的生活水准，让消费有所增加医疗保健，交通通讯，教育，娱乐和住房，而不仅仅是食品和衣物。 The urban population of 450 million, largely housed in 34 cities with more than a million inhabitants, includes a rapidly emerging and developing middle class. 市区人口450万人，主要是居住在34个城市与100多万居民中，就包含一个迅速崛起和发展中产阶层。 The upgrading of the consumption structure will cause an upgrading of the industrial structure. 在消费结构升级，将导致产业结构的升级。

However China will continue facing a number of obstacles in the course of its future economic development. 不过，中国将继续面临着一些障碍，在这个过程中，其未来的经济发展。 The nation’s resources and the environment are coming under greater pressure as China strives to maintain sustainable development. 国家的资源和环境都将受到更大的压力，因为中国要力争维持可持续发展。 China’s market economy is far from perfect, resulting in poor quality growth. 中国的市场经济还很不完善，致使质量较差的增长。 The gaps between different regions, and rural and urban areas, and the income gap between different groups will also have an impact on social stability. 之间的差距，不同地区，农村地区和城市地区，收入差距拉大，不同群体也将影响到社会的稳定。

The key areas for economic and social development in China for the next 15 years include: 关键领域，为经济和社会发展，为中国在未来15年，包括：

• Manufacturing & information industries - to master core technologies for global competitiveness •制造业和信息产业方面的合作-掌握核心技术，为全球竞争力
• Agricultural S&T- to promote comprehensive productivity capabilities & ensure food safety •农业与科技，以促进综合生产能力能力及确保食品安全
• Energy - exploration, energy saving technology and clean energy •能源-勘探，节能技术和清洁能源
• Environment - major cities & industries to set up technological development modes for a recycled economy •环境-主要城市及产业，以建立技术开发模式，为循环经济
• Healthcare - disease prevention & management. •医疗保健-疾病预防与管理。 Development and manufacture of new drugs, medical equipment and industrialisation 开发和生产新的药品，医疗设备和工业化
• New technologies - nanotechnologies and convergence of technologies •新技术-纳米技术，并在科技汇流
• Natural resources - water and natural resources from mining to distribution •自然资源-水和自然资源，从开采到分销
• Communication & Transport - include equipment for building & maintenance of infrastructure; new energy automobiles •通讯及交通-包括设备，建筑及基础设施的维护;新能源汽车

Along with China’s integration into the global economy, the nation will further increase the levels of capital, advanced technology and management expertise introduced from developed countries, to expand its development. 随着中国融入全球经济，国家将进一步加大各级的资金，先进技术和管理经验介绍，从发达国家，以扩大其发展。

Challenges 挑战
Clearly China has a lot to offer to Europe and especially in the areas of science and technology and their relations to a variety of markets. 显然，中国有很多东西可以提供给欧洲，特别是在科学和技术领域以及它们的相互关系，以各种不同的市场。 Europe also has much to offer China, and indeed in these areas also, but then as these originate within very different social and cultural contexts. 欧洲也有许多值得向中国，而事实上，在这些领域还，但随后由于这些源于内部非常不同的社会和文化背景。 It will therefore be useful here to review the pragmatics of this relation, beginning with the most common issues, as follows: 因此，它将是有益此处检查语用学的这种关系，从最常见的问题，具体情况如下：

• Among the most commonly cited of difficulties for Europeans when trading and working with Chinese are the barriers to effective communication that arise through differences of language and culture. •其中最常被引用的困难，对欧洲人来说，当贸易工作，并与中国人的障碍，以有效的沟通所产生的，通过不同的语言和文化。 Although the extraordinary statistic that 300 million Chinese are currently learning English the overall English speaking level is still very low, particularly among mid-aged management level. 虽然平凡的统计说， 3亿中国人正在学习英语的整体英语为母语的发展水平还很低，特别是在中老年人管理水平。
• The next-most cited issue when trading in China is the lack of knowledge of the market. •下一代最引问题时，在国内证券市场的，是缺乏对市场的认识。 This is often closely related to the cultural issue but also the market still has legacy from the previous planned economy with complicated regulatory issues for different industries. 这常常是密切相关的文化问题，而且市场还有遗产，由以前的计划经济与复杂的规管事宜，为不同的行业。
• The difficulty experienced in recruiting and retaining local staff of a suitable quality is another issue that often arises. •所经历的困难，在招聘和留住本地员工一个合适的质量是另一个问题时常发生。 Due to a huge influx of foreign investment into China and also the rapid growth of the Chinese economy, the market for skilled labour is very competitive and some foreign companies have 由于大量外资进入中国，并迅速增长的中国经济，市场，为熟练劳动力，是非常有竞争力，一些外国公司已
reported over 20 % annual staff turnover, in particular related to high and new 据报，超过20 ％的年度员工流动率，特别是相关的高，新
technologies. 技术。
• Issues that are more widely shared - and the pain from which is more evenly spread - are those of over-administration, bureaucracy and corruption. •问题，是更广泛地分享-以及疼痛从哪个更均匀地蔓延-是那些过多的行政主义，官僚主义和腐败现象。
• The last major issue and one that is often not taken seriously enough, has to do with lacunae in the rule of law in particular on intellectual property rights: obtaining some kind of justice in the first place and enforcing any resulting court orders subsequently. •最后一个主要的问题，而且是太多，往往是没有重视不够，也与制度缺陷的法治，特别是关于知识产权的权利：获得某种正义摆在首位，并执行任何由此引起法院的命令，其后。 These are problems that require excellent partners who are able to find their way through ‘the system’ - but then such problems are by no means limited to China, and indeed many European companies have experienced such problems also in the USA. 这些问题都是需要优秀的合作伙伴，他们能够找到自己的方式，通过'制度 ' -但这些问题绝不仅限于中国，事实上，许多欧洲公司都经历过这样的问题，也是在这里。

We may then summarise the success factors as follows: 我们可能会那么概述他的成功因素如下：
• There must be a commitment from the leadership of the company to a longterm, value- building perspective. •必须有一个承诺，从领导该公司的一项长期，价值建设的角度来看。 China is a market that requires ongoing sponsoring and support from the top executives and decision makers. 中国是一个市场，需要持续不断的赞助和支持，从高层管理人员和决策者。
• The technologies brought into play must be the ‘best in class’, and supported by a sound understanding of their sociotechnical environments. •技术把优势发挥出来，必须'最好在工人阶级的，并且得到了较好地了解他们的sociotechnical环境。
• A proper attention must be given to training and education in Chinese culture and business practices. •一个适当的，必须注意使培训和教育，在中国文化和商业惯例。
• A considerable effort must be put into identifying and securing a good local business partner. •相当大的努力，必须付诸识别和争取一个良好的本地业务伙伴。
• The ability to recruit and retain best people. •能够招聘和保留最好的人才。 The local staff should be motivated by promoting their all-round development and by consequent promotion. 当地工作人员，应是出于促进他们各方面的均衡发展，并通过相应的推广活动。

For European companies with drive, flexibility and innovation, there are enormous opportunities to be had in China. 欧洲公司与驱动性，灵活性和创新，存在着巨大的机会，使他们在中国。 And there is no better timing that now to start doing business in China. 有没有更好的时机，现在开始在中国开展业务。